※ 引述《bluemagpie (貞心相廷)》之銘言：
: 標題: 生物問題請教
: 時間: Sun Feb 20 17:58:31 2011
:
: 想請問大家幾題升物問題
: 1. For the processing of visual information in the central nervous system of
: humans, the neuronal projections of ganglion cells to the left and right lateral
: geniculate nuclei (LGN) are
那麼我幫你翻譯一下好了
在人類中樞神經系統的視覺資訊處理過程中，位於左側與右側側膝核負責神經投射的神經
節細胞是︰
: A) all ipsilateral, meaning that left eye projections stay on the left side
: of the brain, and vice versa.
都是負責同一側的，意思就是說，左側的視覺投射由左邊的腦負責，右側之亦然
: B) all contralateral, meaning that left eye projections project to the right
: side of the brain, and vice versa.
都是負責不同側的，意思就是說，左邊的視覺投射往右邊的大腦傳導，右側之亦然
: C) ipsilateral for the temporal side of each retina, and contralateral for
: the nasal side of each retina.
靠近顳端的的視網膜都是負責不同側，而靠近鼻端的視網膜則負責同側的視覺投射
: D) ipsilateral for the nasal side of each retina, and contralateral for the
: temporal side of each retina.
靠近鼻端的視網膜負責不同側，靠近顳端的視網膜負責同側的視覺投射
: E) randomly crossed in terms of which side of the retina projects to either
: the left or right side of the brain.
: Answer: C
視覺投射以隨機的方式投射向左側或右側的大腦
基本上解這題只要有視交叉(optical chiasma)的觀念就可以了
參考這張圖
http://physiology1.org/media/original/00736.jpg
鼻端和顳端意思就是把視網膜的投射範圍一分為二
假設右眼視網膜，顳側就是靠近右邊的一半；鼻端就是靠近左側
左 顳 左 鼻 右
瞭解了這些，再對照圖就很清楚了
: 2.Experiments with genetically altered mice showed that the mice would consume
: abnormally high amounts of bitter-tasting compounds in water after their
: A) hormone receptors for digestive hormones were reduced or eliminated,
: showing that bitter tastes are reinforced by digestive responses.
: B) salt-taste cells were altered to express receptors for bitter tastants,
: suggesting that animals have unregulated salt appetites.
: C) visual sense was reduced or eliminated, suggesting that mice learn visual
: cues about bitter tastes.
: D) olfactory sense was reduced or eliminated, suggesting that mice learn odor
: cues about bitter tastes.
: E) sweet-taste cells were altered to express receptors for bitter tastants,
: suggesting that the sensation of taste depends only on which taste cell is
stimulated.
: Answer: E
這題很簡單，只是問你說用基因工程的方式去改變小白鼠的基因構造，之後發現小白鼠不
斷地去攝食含高量苦味物質的水，這是為什麼？
A. hormone受器減少或消失，導致苦味增強消化作用......很明顯無關
B. 鹹味受器被改變，成為對苦味的受器.....看到這就可以了，離題胡謅
C. 視覺.....................離題
D. 嗅覺感減少或消失，小鼠藉苦味去學習氣味訊息........不確定，繼續看
E. 甜味受器被改變而去對苦味做表現，因此味覺只依賴被刺激的受器....不確定
牽涉到一點行為制約反應的話，小鼠會一直去喝苦水，表示這是一個能增強其行為的事件
那麼就選項看來D或E，只有E的選項有牽涉到甜味的味覺受器改變，而甜味亦是一種獎賞
機制。
就生物學的觀點，E選項敘述也是正確的，就像阿斯巴甜，與葡萄糖一點關係都沒有
只是一種可以跟甜味受器結合的胺基酸，但僅此就能引發甜味的受器產生神經衝動
引發甜味
: 其實我是連題目都看不太懂
: 想請教各位高手幫幫忙
: 誠心感謝
:
: --
: 標題: 生物問題請教
: 時間: Sun Feb 20 17:58:31 2011
:
: 想請問大家幾題升物問題
: 1. For the processing of visual information in the central nervous system of
: humans, the neuronal projections of ganglion cells to the left and right lateral
: geniculate nuclei (LGN) are
那麼我幫你翻譯一下好了
在人類中樞神經系統的視覺資訊處理過程中，位於左側與右側側膝核負責神經投射的神經
節細胞是︰
: A) all ipsilateral, meaning that left eye projections stay on the left side
: of the brain, and vice versa.
都是負責同一側的，意思就是說，左側的視覺投射由左邊的腦負責，右側之亦然
: B) all contralateral, meaning that left eye projections project to the right
: side of the brain, and vice versa.
都是負責不同側的，意思就是說，左邊的視覺投射往右邊的大腦傳導，右側之亦然
: C) ipsilateral for the temporal side of each retina, and contralateral for
: the nasal side of each retina.
靠近顳端的的視網膜都是負責不同側，而靠近鼻端的視網膜則負責同側的視覺投射
: D) ipsilateral for the nasal side of each retina, and contralateral for the
: temporal side of each retina.
靠近鼻端的視網膜負責不同側，靠近顳端的視網膜負責同側的視覺投射
: E) randomly crossed in terms of which side of the retina projects to either
: the left or right side of the brain.
: Answer: C
視覺投射以隨機的方式投射向左側或右側的大腦
基本上解這題只要有視交叉(optical chiasma)的觀念就可以了
參考這張圖
http://physiology1.org/media/original/00736.jpg
鼻端和顳端意思就是把視網膜的投射範圍一分為二
假設右眼視網膜，顳側就是靠近右邊的一半；鼻端就是靠近左側
左 顳 左 鼻 右
瞭解了這些，再對照圖就很清楚了
: 2.Experiments with genetically altered mice showed that the mice would consume
: abnormally high amounts of bitter-tasting compounds in water after their
: A) hormone receptors for digestive hormones were reduced or eliminated,
: showing that bitter tastes are reinforced by digestive responses.
: B) salt-taste cells were altered to express receptors for bitter tastants,
: suggesting that animals have unregulated salt appetites.
: C) visual sense was reduced or eliminated, suggesting that mice learn visual
: cues about bitter tastes.
: D) olfactory sense was reduced or eliminated, suggesting that mice learn odor
: cues about bitter tastes.
: E) sweet-taste cells were altered to express receptors for bitter tastants,
: suggesting that the sensation of taste depends only on which taste cell is
stimulated.
: Answer: E
這題很簡單，只是問你說用基因工程的方式去改變小白鼠的基因構造，之後發現小白鼠不
斷地去攝食含高量苦味物質的水，這是為什麼？
A. hormone受器減少或消失，導致苦味增強消化作用......很明顯無關
B. 鹹味受器被改變，成為對苦味的受器.....看到這就可以了，離題胡謅
C. 視覺.....................離題
D. 嗅覺感減少或消失，小鼠藉苦味去學習氣味訊息........不確定，繼續看
E. 甜味受器被改變而去對苦味做表現，因此味覺只依賴被刺激的受器....不確定
牽涉到一點行為制約反應的話，小鼠會一直去喝苦水，表示這是一個能增強其行為的事件
那麼就選項看來D或E，只有E的選項有牽涉到甜味的味覺受器改變，而甜味亦是一種獎賞
機制。
就生物學的觀點，E選項敘述也是正確的，就像阿斯巴甜，與葡萄糖一點關係都沒有
只是一種可以跟甜味受器結合的胺基酸，但僅此就能引發甜味的受器產生神經衝動
引發甜味
: 其實我是連題目都看不太懂
: 想請教各位高手幫幫忙
: 誠心感謝
:
: --
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