第三次明諾布魯克會議 - 考試

原文來自英文維基百科。
（http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnowbrook_Conference）
由於這個禮拜才開始讀行政學，
所以如果有什麼術語翻譯錯誤，
或是意思搞混，
還請版上先進多多指教。m(_._)m

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Minnowbrook III (2008)
Minnowbrook III was held September 3-7, 2008. The theme for the third
gathering was: The Future of Public Administration, Public Management, and
Public Service Around the World. It consisted of two phases.

第三次明諾布魯克會議於兩千零八年九月三至七日召開。此次集會主題為：
公共行政的未來，公共管理，以及全球公共服務。本次會議由兩個階段構成。

Minnowbrook III Phase One (September 3-5) was again held at Syracuse
University's Minnowbrook Conference Center in the Adirondack Mountains. This
was a "preconference workshop" for emerging scholars nominated by senior
scholars in the field. The 56 invited attendees were more diverse than
previous Minnowbrook conferences in terms of race, gender and nationality,
involving for the most part assistant professors but including several
tenured associate professors of public administration. A sizable percentage
of the attendees were affiliated with Syracuse University, the conference
host, and Kansas University, home to the sole participant who had attended
both earlier conferences. The Phase One conference, one full day plus two
half days, was professionally facilitated. The Maxwell School of Citizenship
and Public Affairs at Syracuse University sponsored Phase One attendees' room
and board, meals, and registration fees for Phase Two.

第一階段於九月三至五日，在雪城大學的明諾布魯克會議中心舉辦。此階段
為會前工作坊，參加者為公共行政領域耆老所推薦的新銳學者。從種族、性
別與國籍來看，這五十六位受邀的與會者比上一次會議所呈現的差異更大。
他們大多為助理教授，不過有幾位是已經獲得終身職的副教授。相當大比例
的出席者與雪城大學及堪薩斯大學有關。第一階段總共有一個整天和兩個半
天，針對專業討論所設計的。雪城大學的馬克斯威公民權與公共事務學院贊
助了第一階段與會者的食宿及第二階段的註冊費。

The outcome of Minnowbrook III Phase One, rather than a single formal
critique, involved summaries of concerns and future directions representing a
dozen focal areas presented to senior scholars and attendees at the opening
session of Phase Two. These included academic-practitioner relations;
democratic performance management; financial management;
globalization/comparative perspectives; information technology & management;
law, politics & public administration management; leadership;
methods/interdisciplinary; networks; performance measurement; public
administration values & theory; social equity & justice; and transparency &
accountability.

階段一討論的結果並非單一的形式性批判，而毋寧是對本領域關切議題及未
來方向的總結。這些總結即是階段二的開場會議中，呈現在資深學者及與會
者面前的十幾個核心領域。包括：學術—從事實務者的關係；民主表現管理
；財政管理；全球化／比較的觀點；資訊科技與管理；法律、政治及公共行
政管理；領導；研究方法／科技整合；網絡；表現測量；公共行政的諸多價
值與理論；社會平等與正義；以及透明度與課責性。

The group interested in globalized perspectives encouraged a renaissance of
comparative studies as the world has become increasingly interdependent. The
essence of the comparative approach is context-sensitivity, that is,
awareness that institutional and cultural context matters and should be
incorporated into research. Contributions of this approach are practical for
meeting curricular needs, and theoretical in making research more rigorous,
revealing underlying, often US-oriented assumptions and exploring alternative
contexts.

著眼於全球化觀點的團體支持重新找回比較研究領域，因為全球互賴的程度
越來越高。比較途徑的本質在於容易受到脈絡影響，亦即必須意識到制度與
文化脈絡十分重要，並且應該被納入研究之中。此一研究途徑的貢獻在於，
符合課程實際需求，而且在理論方面可以使研究更為精確，揭露出隱含的，
通常是美國導向的預設，並且探索其他可能的脈絡。

The group interested in public administration values and theory offered a
reformulation of public administration, defining public administration as: "a
socially-embedded process of collective relationships, dialogue, and action
to promote human flourishing for all." Questions arising from the
reformulation included how public administration might recognize competing
values and whether a critical consciousness regarding public administration
should be encouraged.

對於公共行政的諸多價值與理論有興趣的小組，提供了對於公共行政重新架
構的看法。他們把公共行政定義為：「促進所有人類繁榮的集體關係、對話
，以及行動之社會鑲嵌過程」。重新架構過程中出現的問題包括：公共行政
如何能夠肯認競爭價值，以及針對公共行政的批判意識是否應該被鼓勵？

The group that discussed research methods proposed a statement of commitment
document, informally referred to as a pledge or a manifesto, asking new
scholars to serve as change agents regarding the use and teaching of research
methods and the responsiveness of the peer-review process. One element of
this was more attention to the method of action research to increase
engagement with the issues and practice of public administration; another was
a commitment to methodological pluralism.

討論研究方法的小組提出了一個承諾聲明文件（非正式地被當成作為一項誓
言或宣言），要求新進學者成為研究方法使用與教導以及同儕審查過程的改
革推動者。要素之一就是多加注意行動研究的方法，以增進對研究議題與公
共行政實踐的接合；另一個則是對於方法論多元主義的認同。

The comparatively brief Phase One, spread over three days and highly
structured, may have contributed to its diffuse outcome. Many participants
were interested in further discussion on the proposed re-definition of the
field, and on pursuing ratification of the methods group's pledge toward
reshaping the field. Despite the cordial and pluralistic atmosphere,
clarifications and disagreements could not be fully pursued. Other interim
discussions simply ran out of time.

階段一相對簡短，在三天中完成並且受到緊密安排，可能是其討論結果涉及
諸多面向的原因。許多與會者對於提議將這個領域重新定義，以及要求承認
重塑此一領域的方法論小組之宣言的進一步討論感興趣。儘管充滿了真摯與
多元的氛圍，問題的澄清與異議無法得到完全進行，甚至沒有時間進行其他
臨時討論。

Minnowbrook III Phase Two (September 5-7) was offered in Lake Placid, New
York as a more traditional academic conference to which scholars throughout
the world were invited to submit proposals. About 300 proposals were
submitted of which 80 were accepted. Following the opening session
presentation from Phase One participants, the emerging scholars and senior
scholars met in roundtable format to discuss the specific ideas presented. In
most subsequent sessions, participants limited paper presentations to allow
for enhanced discussion of the material in reference to the ideas presented
and developed in the opening roundtables.

第三次明諾布魯克會議的第二階段（九月五～七日）在紐約的寧靜湖舉行，
是一個較為傳統的學術會議，邀請來自世界各地的學者提交文章大綱。此次
會議收到三百篇左右的大綱，其中八十篇被接受。在階段一參與者於開場會
議報告之後，新銳研究者與資深學者便針對特定概念想法以圓桌討論形式會
談。在接下來的絕大多數場次中，與會者為了讓論文中與開場圓桌論壇相關
的想法能夠得到進一步討論，限制了報告時間。

A trivial fact of note is that the conference was originally scheduled to
take place on the campus of Syracuse University in late September 2008. It
was rescheduled because the original dates overlapped with Rosh Hashanah.

舉辦時間因為猶太教的新年所以改變（懶得翻了）。

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